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Singapore’s Cautious Approach to Medical Cannabis Decriminalization
PETALING JAYA – The prospect of cannabis legalization for medicinal purposes in Singapore appears remote, according to Minister for Home Affairs and Law, K. Shanmugam. This statement follows Thailand’s recent decision to become the first Asian nation to decriminalize cannabis nationwide.

Singapore’s Stance on Cannabis

In a virtual interview with The Star, Mr. Shanmugam emphasized that Singapore’s policies regarding cannabis are rooted in scientific research, indicating that cannabis is “clearly harmful and addictive.” He expressed caution against adopting a more lenient approach, stating:

“Our policies are based on science and research… We will not be influenced by others to ease provisions in the law for health purposes.”

Cautious Evaluation of Medical Claims

The Minister showed skepticism towards pharmaceutical companies advocating the medical benefits of cannabis.
- “If a pharmaceutical company is pushing for the use of cannabis on the basis that it has medical benefits, I would be very sceptical,” he stated.
- He also warned against non-governmental organizations with ties to these firms advocating for cannabis use.
Ultimately, Shanmugam noted that any potential medical use of cannabis would depend on assessments made by medical professionals:

“If a reputed medical association says they need cannabis for medical use, then we will take it very seriously.”

Regional Developments in Cannabis Legislation

Malaysia’s Approach

While Singapore remains hesitant, Malaysia is exploring the possibility of incorporating cannabis and kratom leaves for medical applications. Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin recently conducted a working visit to Thailand to:
- Evaluate potential uses of cannabis and kratom for medical purposes.
- Examine the legal framework surrounding their medical use.
Furthermore, the Malaysian government plans to establish a framework to register certain cannabidiol products by next year.

Concerns Raised by Thailand’s Legalization

Shanmugam pointed out that Thailand’s decriminalization has led to unforeseen challenges, including:
- A surge of cannabis products in various consumer goods, including toothpaste and snacks.
- The governor of Bangkok’s directive for schools to be cannabis-free and a public smoking ban.
He highlighted that the Thai government is now grappling with the implications of its earlier decisions, emphasizing the complexities in the implementation of cannabis laws.

Healthcare and Economic Concerns

Mr. Shanmugam also underscored the economic fallout observed in other nations where cannabis is legalized:

“Countries may feel they can tax the trade, but the expenditures on healthcare often exceed the tax benefits.”

This raises pertinent questions regarding the long-term implications of cannabis legalization that are yet to be resolved.

Public Sentiment in Singapore

In gauging public opinion, the Minister noted that significant surveys indicate:
- The majority of Singaporeans prefer to maintain strict regulations surrounding cannabis.
- Concerns exist about possible societal consequences if cannabis use becomes more prevalent.
With these factors in consideration, Singapore remains committed to a cautious and evidence-based approach regarding cannabis policies. The ministers affirm that substantial evidence and recommendations from medical professionals will be paramount for any future discussions on potential cannabis use for treatment and recovery.
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June 23, 2025
Thailand’s Legal Weed Dreams Fading Away
BANGKOK – Following two years of decriminalization under a military-led government, Thailand’s Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin has announced a significant policy reversal regarding cannabis. This shift will see recreational cannabis banned starting December 2023, leading to the closure of thousands of licensed dispensaries and potential penalties for violators, unless the usage is strictly for medical purposes.

Political Implications of Cannabis Regulation

This abrupt change poses a threat to the stability of the current coalition government, formed after the May 2023 elections, where Srettha’s Pheu Thai Party finished second. Although Pheu Thai has taken a firm anti-marijuana stance, some coalition members are advocating for a regulated approach to cannabis similar to alcohol or tobacco, with the hope of invigorating Thailand’s struggling economy.

Key Points:
- Opposition from Cannabis Stakeholders: Investors, farmers, and consumers are expressing outrage, emphasizing that reverting to illegal status would devastate a burgeoning multi-million dollar cannabis industry tailored to international tourists.
- Public Protests: On May 16, cannabis supporters staged small protests in front of the Health Ministry and at popular tourist spots, like Phuket. The Cannabis Future Network has vowed to continue rallying until the government presents scientific evidence that recreational cannabis is more detrimental to health than alcohol or tobacco.
Quote from Activist Prasitchai Nunual:

"Just search on the internet and you will find there has been no research which shows cannabis has a serious negative impact on mental health."

Historical Context of Cannabis in Thailand

Cannabis has long been seen as a traditional medicine in Thailand. In 2021, the former military government removed cannabis from the Narcotics Code, essentially easing restrictions that dated back to the 1935 Cannabis Act. Initially legalized for medical use, the laws expanded in 2022 to encompass recreational use as well.

Current Legal Framework:
- Legal for adults over 18 years old, provided they are not pregnant.
- Public smoking is subject to fines.
- There is an absence of financial penalties for possession.
Coalition Disagreements and Future Drafts

Amid varied perspectives within the coalition, two draft bills related to cannabis regulation are currently stagnating in Parliament, as Pheu Thai pushes for a new legislative draft to be agreed upon by December.

Concerns from Pheu Thai:
- Youth and Drug Culture: The party worries about cannabis potentially impairing the minds of teenagers who access it through informal online sources.
- Regulatory Needs: Pro-cannabis advocates call for stringent regulations to ensure safety standards, especially concerning contamination.
Editorial Perspectives and Criticism

Editorials from local publications have critiqued the government’s approach. The Bangkok Post suggested:

"Allowing recreational use with proper regulations, while enacting measures to protect non-cannabis users in public places, can be acceptable."

Critics also highlight potential issues with an increasingly medicalized view of cannabis, which might lead to unethical prescribing practices, where licensed doctors could provide prescriptions to anyone able to pay.

Market Dynamics and Investor Interest

The current ambiguous legal status has resulted in a fluctuating market, characterized by oversupply and low prices for cannabis products. High-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) strains fluctuate between $2 to $25 per gram, creating a competitive landscape influenced by both local and foreign investors.

Investor Activity:
- U.S. and international investors are involved in establishing legal dispensaries in partnership with Thai entities, such as the upscale shop opened by Cookies, based in San Francisco.
Conclusion

As Thailand navigates this complex landscape of cannabis regulation, the upcoming months will be crucial in determining the future of both the cannabis industry and the coalition government. The clash between traditional views and modern economic needs continues to shape the dialogue on cannabis in Thailand, reflecting broader societal shifts.

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June 23, 2025
Exploring the Rich and Complex Legacy of Cannabis in Africa
Understanding the Global History and Cultural Significance of Cannabis

Cannabis, a plant with a rich and complex history, has been intertwined with human culture for thousands of years. Despite its increasing acceptance in many societies, misconceptions abound regarding its applications, particularly in Africa. This article explores the multifaceted uses of cannabis, its medicinal potential, and the ongoing issues surrounding drug policy reforms.

The Origins and Evolution of Cannabis

Cannabis originated in central Asia millions of years ago. Its use spread across Eurasia, with evidence indicating that humans began utilizing its seeds and fibers over 12,000 years ago. By approximately 5,000 years ago, societies in south Asia were consuming cannabis as an edible drug, and its presence reached east Africa more than 1,000 years ago.

Historical Significance

The long-standing global prohibition of cannabis over the past century has obscured the understanding of how humans have historically connected with this plant. In particular, the roles of African cultures and the African diaspora in the plant’s history remain largely overlooked.

Reasons to Study Cannabis History

Exploring cannabis history is critical for several reasons:
1. Identifying New Uses: Understanding historical applications of cannabis could lead to potential new uses.
2. Improving Management: Insights into why cultures have valued cannabis can enhance contemporary management strategies.
3. Cultural Influence: Analyzing its historical significance can shed light on African contributions to global culture.
4. Economic Inequities: Investigating how cannabis is currently being commodified reveals economic disparities within the global market.
Medicinal Potential: Insights from Africa

The medicinal properties of cannabis, particularly in the African context, are gaining increased attention. Advocates for medical cannabis frequently reference its historical use, though many narratives often focus on affluent societies, neglecting long-standing African practices.

Historical Observations

In the 1840s, a British physician noted that central Africans viewed cannabis as:

"a great promoter of exhilaration of spirits, and a sovereign remedy against all complaints."

This highlights the potential for exploring cannabis as a treatment for conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety.

Labor and Cannabis: An Exploitative History

Understanding the value of cannabis within African societies allows for a more comprehensive examination of the social dynamics surrounding its use. Historically, cannabis has been utilized as a stimulant and painkiller among laborers, facilitating the demands of hard work.

Observations from Travelers

European observers noted that porters in Africa often smoked cannabis before commencing their daily labor. A Portuguese account from Angola stated:

"It wakes them up and warms their bodies, so that they are ready to start up with alacrity."

This indicates that cannabis was not merely a recreational substance for these laborers but was integral to their working lives.

African Contributions to Global Culture

The transmission of cannabis across the globe was often linked to exploitative relationships, including slavery and wage labor. Evidence suggests that psychoactive cannabis made its way to the Americas through enslaved Africans, fundamentally influencing local cultures.

Linguistic Legacy

Many modern terms for cannabis derive from African languages. Notably, the word "marijuana" has roots in the Kimbundu word mariamba.

Innovations in Consumption

Eastern Africans were pioneers in the use of smoking pipes, discovering that this method was a more efficient way to consume cannabis compared to edibles. Modern devices like hookahs and bongs trace their origins back to these ancient practices.

Navigating Drug Policy Reforms

The changing landscape of cannabis laws worldwide has led to the emergence of lucrative markets. However, the benefits of these reforms have largely accrued to businesses in wealthier nations while neglecting local communities in Africa.

Unequal Benefits
- Limited Access: Drug policy reforms in Africa often do not extend to local citizens, with licensing fees rendering participation in the industry unattainable for many.
- Ongoing Prohibitions: Traditional uses of cannabis continue to face legal challenges, even as export markets thrive.
Neocolonial Dynamics

The landscape of cannabis policy in Africa exemplifies neocolonialism, with foreign investors capitalizing on resources that historically belonged to African communities. Furthermore, many successful cannabis industries rely on genetic diversity sourced from Africa, developed through generations of local farmers.

The Path Forward

As many societies begin to understand that criminalizing cannabis has not effectively curtailed its use, a shift toward decriminalization is underway in various African nations.

Challenges and Considerations

Addressing complex questions surrounding cannabis policy is vital. For African countries to fully benefit from their cannabis resources, reforms must prioritize local communities and ensure equitable participation in the emerging market.

In conclusion, studying the multifaceted history and cultural significance of cannabis is essential for understanding its potential in contemporary society. A thorough appreciation of its past can provide valuable insights into how to shape a just and equitable future for cannabis in Africa and beyond.

Further reading on this crucial topic can expand your understanding of cannabis policy and its implications for society: Cannabis Policy Changes in Africa: A Double-Edged Sword.

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June 23, 2025
Harnessing Citizen Science to Combat Invasive Siam Weed
Chromolaena odorata—Siam Weed. Credit: J.M.Garg/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY

CABI has recently published groundbreaking research highlighting the impactful role of citizen science in tracking the invasive shrub known as Chromolaena odorata, commonly referred to as Siam weed, across South and Southeast Asia.

Monitoring Invasive Species with Citizen Science

Utilizing the platform iNaturalist.org, Dr. Matthew Cock, a CABI Emeritus Fellow, and his research team have successfully monitored the establishment of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata, a moth released to combat C. odorata. Here are key findings from their study:
- Established Locations: The moth has been confirmed in Thailand and Vietnam and has spread to additional regions, including China, Cambodia, and West Malaysia.
- Citizen Contributions: Observations provided by citizen scientists on iNaturalist have confirmed the broad distribution of P. pseudoinsulata in southern India and Sri Lanka.
Enhancing Biological Control Efforts

The significance of this research underscores that citizen-science platforms like iNaturalist can yield vital information on the propagation of introduced species, including biological control agents. When subjects are easily identifiable from photographs, citizen science becomes particularly effective.

In a 2013 Green Paper by the European Commission’s Digital Science Unit, it stated:

"Participants provide experimental data and facilities for researchers, raise new questions, and co-create a new scientific culture."

This showcases how citizen scientists contribute to meaningful ecological research.

The Invasive Nature of Siam Weed

Chromolaena odorata is a highly invasive shrub originally from the Americas, impacting ecosystems in the humid tropics and subtropics, especially in regions of the Old World. Its rapid spread necessitated the introduction of biological control options like Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata in designated countries.

Key Points about P. pseudoinsulata:
- Release Locations: Introduced in various geographical areas globally, but its establishment has been limited.
- Reported Successes: Mixed reports have emerged regarding its establishment in earlier releases, emphasizing the need for consistent monitoring.
The Need for Ongoing Monitoring

Dr. Cock noted the importance of validating previous reports on P. pseudoinsulata:

"This paper investigates the validity of some of these reports and discusses the value of using citizen science to monitor the establishment and spread of weed biological control agents."

The citizen science data confirm the presence of P. pseudoinsulata in several new areas, some of which had not been reported previously. Areas previously listed as established without photographic evidence present opportunities for more focused citizen science initiatives or other verification methods.

Conclusion

CABI’s innovative research exemplifies the powerful potential of citizen science in addressing ecological challenges. Not only does it support the fight against invasive species like C. odorata, but it also cultivates a collaborative scientific community. By leveraging platforms like iNaturalist, the general public can play an influential role in team-based conservation efforts.

For further insights, the findings have been published in the CABI Agriculture and Bioscience journal, accessible here.

In shaping a healthier ecosystem, the contribution of citizen scientists may ultimately become a cornerstone in biological control strategies worldwide.

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June 23, 2025
Exploring the Impact of Cannabis Legalization in the U.S. and Indonesia
The Evolving Landscape of Cannabis Legalization: Insights from the U.S. and Implications for Indonesia

With the increasing legalization of cannabis in more than half of U.S. states, the implications for public health and regulatory frameworks offer significant insights, especially for countries like Indonesia. This article delves into the historical timeline of cannabis regulations, the potential benefits and drawbacks of legalization, and how frameworks can inform responsible policymaking.

Historical Context of Cannabis Legalization

Cannabis prohibition began in the U.S. in the early 20th century:
- 1910: European and American legislators started enforcing drug prohibitions.
- 1920: Official cannabis prohibition was enacted.
- 1952: The Boggs Act increased penalties for marijuana consumption.
- 1970: The Controlled Substances Act classified marijuana as a Schedule I drug, indicating a high potential for abuse.
Despite these restrictions, attitudes toward cannabis began to shift. A 2023 survey by the National Institute on Drug Abuse revealed that 81% of Americans believe cannabis has medical benefits. California led the way in 1996 by legalizing medical marijuana, followed by recreational legalization in states such as Colorado and Washington in 2012.

Understanding the RE-AIM Framework

To evaluate cannabis policies effectively, the RE-AIM Framework provides a holistic approach:

1. Reach
- Assess the demographics benefitted by legalization, such as:
  - Medical users, especially those with neurological conditions.
  - Recreational users, contributing to local economies through increased tax revenue.
2. Effectiveness
- Review public health impacts:
  - States like California and Colorado reported significant tax revenue increases post-legalization, with Washington generating nearly $70 million in the first year alone from recreational marijuana.
3. Adoption
- Examine policy uptake:
  - As of 2023, most U.S. states have legalized some form of marijuana, with only four states maintaining its illegal status.
4. Implementation
- Explore policy fidelity:
  - State regulations include licensing for cannabis sales, ensuring product safety (ISO 17025 standards), and taxing cannabis which aids in state budget management.
5. Maintenance
- Focus on long-term viability:
  - Policies require ongoing evaluation to ensure that they remain effective without increasing adverse societal effects, such as addiction or criminal activity.
The Economic Impact of Legalization

The financial implications of cannabis legalization are significant:
- Tax Revenue Growth: Increased taxation on cannabis products can bolster state budgets.
- Workforce Enhancement: Some studies indicate lower rates of non-traumatic workplace injuries and reduced worker compensation claims in states that have embraced cannabis.
Evaluating Risks and Benefits: The CFIR Framework

The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) can be utilized to assess factors influencing successful cannabis policy adoption:

Key Domains
- Intervention Characteristics: Analyze costs and effectiveness of medical versus recreational cannabis.
- Outer Setting: Focus on community characteristics and political influences that shape policy.
- Individual Characteristics: Examine public opinion regarding legalization, noting that younger and more liberal demographics tend to support it.
Community Influence

States favorable to legalization often feature:
- Diverse populations and liberal political ideologies.
- Increasing public support, as seen in polls showing substantial backing for both medical and recreational use.
The Case of Indonesia: A Dissonant Perspective

While numerous countries, notably in the U.S., are embracing cannabis legalization, Indonesia continues to impose strict prohibition laws:
- Current Legislation: Despite emerging debates, including discussions in the Aceh legislative council regarding medical cannabis, Indonesia’s stringent laws reflect a reluctance to embrace legalization.
- Rising Crime Rates: The country faces growing crime statistics alongside social issues, such as homelessness, which some argue could worsen with legalization (source: Sanderson, 2022).
Potential Implications for Indonesia
- Legalization debates center on potential increases in dependency and social consequences, risking economic stability.
Conclusion: Navigating the Complex Landscape of Cannabis Policy

The U.S. experience with cannabis legalization highlights potential benefits such as increased state revenue and expanded medical access but also raises concerns about societal risks. As countries like Indonesia grapple with these complexities, careful consideration of both advantages and challenges is necessary. The unique socio-political landscape dictates a tailored approach to cannabis legislation that prioritizes public safety and economic viability.

By examining the evolving landscape of cannabis regulations, stakeholders can better understand how to balance the myriad factors influencing effective policy implementation.

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June 22, 2025
Understanding the CBD Ban in Hong Kong
Hong Kong has implemented a ban on the possession, consumption, and distribution of cannabidiol (CBD), marking a significant shift in its regulations concerning cannabis-derived products. This move has sparked discussions about CBD’s legal status amidst growing interest and utilization around the globe.

Global Perspectives on CBD Legality

While Hong Kong tightens its restrictions, many nations are moving towards legalizing or decriminalizing cannabis. For instance, Thailand made headlines last year by legalizing cannabis products, potentially paving the way for a broader liberalization of drug policies in Asia. However, most countries, including Hong Kong, continue to categorize cannabis as a dangerous drug, with severe penalties for related offenses.

Key Statistics:
- The global market for CBD is projected to reach $48 billion by 2028.
- In Hong Kong, CBD-infused products—from skincare to food—were increasingly available, illustrating a rising consumer demand.
The Details of the Ban

As of February 1, CBD is classified alongside substances like heroin and methamphetamine in Hong Kong, a stark contrast to the rising popularity of CBD in other parts of the world. Local authorities argue that the scientific evidence regarding CBD’s therapeutic benefits is inconclusive and express concerns about possible harmful effects. Their stance is reinforced by the claim that many seized CBD products contained trace amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the compound responsible for the psychoactive effects associated with cannabis.

What is CBD?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound derived from the cannabis plant. Unlike THC, it does not induce a "high" and is often associated with potential health benefits, including:
- Reducing anxiety
- Alleviating seizure disorders
- Potential therapeutic value for various medical conditions
The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that CBD appears to have a low risk of abuse; however, it does not endorse its medical use due to insufficient evidence.

Comparison with CBD Regulations in Asia

The regulatory landscape for CBD is varied across Asia:
- Thailand: Legalized CBD and cannabis products, sparking discussions about drug policy reform.
- Singapore: Has a zero-tolerance approach where CBD is classified as a cannabis product, subject to strict penalties even for citizens using it abroad.
- China: Enforced a ban on CBD entirely in 2022, despite being the world’s largest cultivator of hemp.
- South Korea: Permits specific medical cannabis, including some CBD products, with strict regulations.
- Japan: Allows CBD from certain parts of the cannabis plant but maintains stringent possession laws.
Future Implications for CBD Regulation

The recent developments in Hong Kong raise questions about the future of CBD regulation both in the region and globally. Experts continue to debate the balance between regulating CBD and recognizing its potential benefits. For example:
- Fung Sai-fu, a social sciences instructor, advocates for regulations but acknowledges the need for clarity concerning CBD’s health claims.
- In contrast, Gloria Lai, from the International Drug Policy Consortium, argues against criminalizing CBD, emphasizing the absence of evidence suggesting harm or dependence.
The Broader Debate

The discourse on CBD regulation is ongoing, with legislative bodies and public health organizations grappling with the complexities of integrating CBD into legal frameworks without stifling innovation or access. Regulatory bodies in regions like the European Union have made strides towards distinguishing CBD from other narcotics, suggesting a need for a nuanced approach to its legality.

In the United States, CBD remains a contentious topic. The FDA has called for new regulatory pathways to govern its use while balancing consumer access and safety concerns.

Conclusion

The ban on CBD in Hong Kong represents a significant tightening of cannabis regulations in a region where the market for CBD is burgeoning. As various countries navigate their own legal landscapes around cannabis, the implications of this ban could influence regulatory approaches elsewhere, especially as the global demand for CBD continues to rise. Understanding the nuances of CBD’s legal status and potential therapeutic benefits remains crucial for consumers and policymakers alike.

For more about CBD and its implications, explore additional resources and studies regarding cannabidiol and current regulations worldwide.

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June 22, 2025
Cannabis Boom in Thailand: A New Green Chapter
Thailand’s Cannabis Revolution: A New Business Frontier

Introduction to Thailand’s Cannabis Landscape

In recent weeks, Thailand has witnessed a significant transformation in its cannabis landscape, following the decriminalization of cannabis on June 9, 2022. As one of the first Asian countries to ease restrictions on cannabis, Thailand’s shift has marked the beginning of a thriving cannabis industry.

The Rise of Cannabis Culture

Mada, a 21-year-old employee at a weed dispensary in Pattaya, encapsulates the enthusiasm surrounding this change. “My generation, Gen Z, don’t really drink alcohol but we do smoke weed,” she mentions while managing a bustling dispensary. With her boyfriend cultivating cannabis at home and friends selling accessories at pop-up stalls, it’s clear that many are embracing this newfound opportunity.

Expanding Supply Chains

The decriminalization has led to the rapid development of supply chains for various cannabis products. From cannabis-infused sriracha sauce and gummy bears to hemp teas and pre-rolled joints, the market is diversifying quickly. The excitement is palpable, with social media lighting up under the hashtag #saikiew, promoting a “green way of life” and sharing cultivation tips.

Economic Impact and Opportunities

The cannabis boom has provided vital income streams for many, especially as tourism — which typically accounts for around 20% of Thailand’s jobs — has taken a hit due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mada reflects on the changes, stating, “Since the law changed, you see many people in my age group finding new ways to make a living.”

Statistics and Growth
- Tens of thousands of small farmers have registered to grow cannabis legally.
- Many more are experimenting with unregistered home farms.
According to industry estimates, the Thai cannabis market could be worth several billion dollars annually if laws continue to favor liberalization.

Challenges on the Horizon

Despite the current enthusiasm, the relative freedom in Thailand’s cannabis regime might be short-lived. A new cannabis bill is set to be presented before parliament, where lawmakers may impose restrictions to curb recreational use and prevent access for children. Health Minister Anutin Charnvirakul reiterated that the law was primarily for medical purposes, stating, “The whole plant is no longer (a) narcotic,” emphasizing that only specific extracts would remain regulated.

Expert Predictions

As the market evolves, experts warn that small businesses might struggle amid a surge of cannabis products flooding the market. Piyatida Jantra, a local grower, stated, “It’s not that simple to grow good weed,” noting that the cultivation of premium strains requires expertise and resources.

The Bigger Picture: Who Will Benefit?

While smaller operations hope to thrive, much of the market share is expected to go to larger entities. Companies are securing land for plantations and aiming to produce high-end CBD oils for wellness resorts. However, local growers might not see the same financial benefits as demand remains high for non-native, potent strains, leading to increased imports.

The Import Landscape
- Approximately 70% of cannabis on the Thai market is coming from the U.S..
- Premium strains are sold at 700 baht ($19.45) per gram at dispensaries, indicating higher profit margins for imported goods.
Conclusion: A New Era for Cannabis in Thailand

As Thailand forges ahead in its cannabis journey, the landscape is changing rapidly. Activists like Chokwan "Kitty" Chopaka, who have long advocated for cannabis legalization, believe that reversing the current laws on recreational use would be challenging. “It is interesting to see how society changes with the thought of the ‘cha-ching’,” Kittypointed out, recognizing the fiscal incentives for a government grappling with debt.

Final Thoughts

The evolution of Thailand’s cannabis market represents both unprecedented opportunities and potential pitfalls. As the region navigates this new reality, it is crucial for lawmakers, businesses, and consumers to consider how best to balance growth with responsible use. For more insights into ongoing cannabis developments, refer to Al Jazeera’s coverage.

By staying informed and engaged, everyone can participate in shaping the future of cannabis in Thailand.

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June 22, 2025
Thai Public Strongly Favors Recriminalizing Cannabis
Majority Supports Cannabis Reclassification in Thailand

An extensive survey conducted by the Thai government reveals that a significant **80%** of respondents back plans to reclassify cannabis as a **narcotic**, effectively banning its recreational use. This shift comes as Health Minister **Somsak Thepsuthin** announced that the draft regulation garnered support from **111,201 participants** from a public consultation held between June 11 and 25.

Thailand’s Reversal on Cannabis Policy

Two years after becoming the first Asian nation to decriminalize cannabis, Thailand is pivoting back. Earlier this year, Prime Minister **Srettha Thavisin** directed officials to tighten restrictions on cannabis usage, limiting it to medical and health purposes. This change arises from growing concerns about the social and health consequences, particularly among children and youth, following the rise of numerous weed dispensaries throughout the country.

Health Risks Associated with Recreational Use

Minister Somsak highlighted the potential dangers of cannabis, linking its recreational use to detrimental effects on brain development, as well as mental health issues such as depression and suicide. In a stark revelation, he mentioned that approximately **40%** of young Thais who struggled with heroin addiction initially used cannabis.

New Regulatory Framework

Under the proposed rules, cannabis flowers will be classified as a **category five narcotic**, while other parts of the plant, including roots and leaves, will remain legal for use. The government plans to thoroughly review public feedback before forwarding the proposed regulation to the **Narcotics Control Board** for final approval.

Public Response and Industry Reaction
- Cannabis advocacy groups and businesses are opposing this regulatory reversal.
- Protests have emerged, and some groups are threatening legal action against the new policy.
- Despite the backlash, Minister Somsak clarified, “Business operators don’t have an issue with” the new rules. “It’s those wanting recreational use that have a problem.”
Former Prime Minister **Prayuth Chan-Ocha’s** administration first decriminalized cannabis in 2022, aiming to promote it for medicinal purposes and as a viable cash crop. Since then, nearly **8,000 dispensaries** and numerous consumer-agro companies have sprung up, selling a variety of cannabis products including buds, oil extracts, and edibles.

Current Legal Framework and Future Implications

Under existing laws, legal cannabis products must contain less than **0.2%** tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the compound responsible for the psychoactive effects. The tightening of cannabis regulations has raised important questions about the future of **marijuana legalization** in Southeast Asia and its **impact on the region’s ongoing war on drugs**.

For more insights into Thailand’s complex relationship with cannabis and its broader implications, read further on the challenges and opportunities presented by this evolving landscape.
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June 22, 2025
Thailand Moves to Reinstate Cannabis Restrictions by Banning Adult Use
In a significant twist in its cannabis policy, Thailand, which legalized cannabis for both medical and recreational use just two years ago, has initiated steps to regulate the market more strictly. The country’s government aims to rein in a largely uncontrolled cannabis market amid rising concerns about public health and safety.

Historical Overview of Cannabis Legalization in Thailand
- Medical Cannabis Legalization: Thailand legalized medical cannabis in 2018, paving the way for its regulated use.
- Decriminalization for Adults: In 2022, the cultivation, sale, and possession of cannabis were legalized, creating a budding industry in Thailand.
The Narcotics Control Board previously de-listed cannabis as a controlled substance, effectively decriminalizing its use. This decision allowed home cultivation and initiated plans to distribute cannabis plants to citizens for personal use.

Initial Hopes for a Sustainable Industry

Former Public Health Minister Anutin Charnvirakul expressed optimism that legal cannabis would foster a medicinal industry focused on cannabis-derived products while reducing stigma associated with the plant.

Data indicated a substantial boost to tourism and agriculture, with thousands of cannabis shops emerging, further enriching Thailand’s economy. However, the rapid expansion has not come without challenges.

Concerns Amid Rapid Market Growth

As the cannabis market grew, so did public concerns regarding:
- Underage Use: Increased reports of underage cannabis consumption raised alarms nationwide.
- Psychological Issues: The Health Ministry noted a surge in individuals seeking treatment for psychological issues related to cannabis use, reporting over 63,000 patients in 2023, a significant increase from 37,000 in 2022.
A recent campaign cycle illustrated a shift in political sentiment. Most major parties, including Bhumjaithai—initial proponents of cannabis decriminalization—pledged to restrict cannabis to medical use only, further fuelling public discourse on safety regulations.

Legislative Proposals for Cannabis Regulation

Kalyapat Rachitroj, a legislator from the Move Forward Party, remarked, “We have no option but to put marijuana back to be classified as narcotics once again.” In line with this sentiment, Health Minister Chonlanan Srikaew has recommended a draft bill that aims to preserve medical cannabis use but impose a ban on recreational use.

Key points of the proposed legislation include:
- Reclassification: Cannabis would be classified as a narcotic, significantly mirroring pre-2022 regulations.
- Penalties: Engaging in “recreational” cannabis use could incur fines up to 60,000 baht (about $1,700).
Opposition has arisen from cannabis advocates and businesses. Activist Chokwan “Kitty” Chopaka argued that many officials still view cannabis as a dangerous substance, while advocates maintain that “it’s an herb, something we have had traditionally for a very long time.”

The Global and Regional Context of Cannabis Regulation

Southeast Asia is known for its stringent drug laws, with Thailand having the highest prison population among the ASEAN countries, where over 80% of inmates are incarcerated for drug-related offenses, according to the International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC).

Next Steps for Cannabis Policy in Thailand

As it stands, Thailand’s Cabinet has yet to review Health Minister Srikaew’s proposed legislation, but anticipations suggest eventual approval leading to Parliamentary discussion. The direction Thailand will take in the coming years will likely have significant implications for its cannabis industry, public health approaches, and the broader legal landscape within Southeast Asia.

For further information, explore the impact and implications of cannabis in Thailand by visiting The Associated Press and stay updated on ongoing developments.

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June 22, 2025
Thailand’s Cannabis Advocates Rally Against New Ban Proposal
Thai Cannabis Advocates Protest Potential Ban on General Use

Bangkok – Two years after the decriminalization of marijuana, a wave of protests erupted in Thailand. Nearly a hundred cannabis advocates gathered outside the prime minister’s office on Monday, voicing their concerns over a proposed ban that could limit marijuana use to strictly medical and research purposes.

Background: The Decriminalization of Cannabis

In 2022, Thailand made headlines as one of the first countries in Southeast Asia to decriminalize cannabis, aiming to promote its use for medicinal purposes and bolster the economy. Legal cannabis has since become a lucrative industry, contributing to the tourism and farming sectors and spawning numerous cannabis retail ventures, from shops to market stalls.

However, recent developments have put this progress in jeopardy.

Proposed Changes to Cannabis Regulations

Recent Developments

On Friday, a health ministry committee approved a proposal to reclassify cannabis as a narcotic. If ratified by the Office of the Narcotics Control Board this week, the new regulations would take effect on January 1. Key points include:
- General Use Limited: Cannabis would only be permissible for medical and research applications.
- Public Sentiment: According to a ministerial online survey, about 80% of the 111,201 participants supported the ban, though the results were not disclosed publicly.
The Protests

Activists, including health-conscious entrepreneurs, marched from the United Nations headquarters to the Government House, fueled by a belief that the government’s actions disproportionately benefit a select few at the expense of the broader populace.

Key Voices in the Movement
- Prasitchai Nunuan, a representative from a cannabis advocacy network, stated, "This fight for cannabis is not only about medical security or people’s rights but also about dismantling the monopoly of politicians exploiting it for personal gain."
- Chokwan “Kitty” Chopaka, a cannabis shop owner and advocate, challenged government officials, saying, “Who are you to judge what they use it for and how they use it?”
Despite police barricades preventing the marchers from reaching their destination, they set up camp, determined to receive a response regarding their demands. An official eventually accepted their petition.

Economic Implications of a Ban

Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin’s recent public stance to reinstate a cannabis ban has triggered deep-seated concerns about the economic repercussions. Advocates argue that legal cannabis has been a booming sector:
- Tourism Boost: The influx of tourists has been significantly influenced by the legalization of cannabis.
- Investment Losses: Pock Pechthong, a cannabis grower, emphasized, "A radical rollback will hurt many who have already invested substantial amounts in this business."
Historical Context and Political Dynamics

The Bhumjaithai Party, which led the decriminalization efforts under Anutin Charnvirakul, originally promised that cannabis could transform the agricultural landscape in impoverished areas. While the party does not endorse recreational cannabis use, Anutin has publicly opposed the proposed ban, fearing it could stifle the evolving cannabis industry.

Conclusion: The Fight for Cannabis Rights

With tensions escalating, the future of cannabis regulation in Thailand remains uncertain. Advocates are adamant about maintaining the legal status of cannabis not only for its economic benefits but also for personal freedom. As discussions advance, the debate over cannabis in Thailand exemplifies the ongoing struggle between regulation, public health, and personal liberties.

For more in-depth information on cannabis laws globally, visit NORML or check out the World Health Organization’s page on Cannabis.

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June 22, 2025